نشریه جستارهای باستان شناسی ایران پیش از اسلام
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

After the construction of the Zayanderud dam in central Iran, a total number of five villages, i.e., Yancheshmeh, Abadchi, Murah or Baba Aghdaghan, Jamalo, and Ghaleh Raeis, along the Zayanderud River were displaced and some sites like Jamalo, Ashna, and Koganak also went underwater. Reducing rainfalls and droughts over the past ?? years have accordingly caused the decline of water in the reservoir of Zayanderud dam and the size of the lake is decreasing year by year. The event also led to the emergence of the Jamalo site from the water. Due to the limitations of archaeological studies in ????, as well as the special condition of the site due to the richness and expansion of evidence (Neolithic to Islamic period), and the probability of falling underwater again, the arena and the proposed privacy to the site towards the mid of ???? have been thus far determined. The systematic survey and arena determination of the site and its surroundings was performed. The present study was carried out by descriptive-analytical method and a combination of library and field studies. Therefore, the main objective of this paper was to provide an overview of the settlement status of the site and presenting a relative chronology based on surface findings. The survey and excavation teams also covered ??? ??×?? m squares for systematic sampling, and recorded the digging of ?? trenches, measuring ?×? m. Based on the excavated trenches the area of the site was determined of ???? square meters. Based on the surface findings, it seems that Tape Jamalo was first occupied in the first half of the sixth millennium BC, after the invention of pottery. The site then continued to be dominated for much of the sixth and fifth millennium B.C., until the beginning of the Early Bronze Age. In the Middle Bronze Age, it had been also dominated by the Porto-literate, historic, and Islamic period. Some pottery shreds on the surface were similar to those of the Khuzestan and Fars regions, and the central and western Iranian Plateau.

Environmental factors have played a decisive and important role in the formation and spatial distribution of human settlements during the prehistoric era. The study of the human-environment interactions is one of the main approaches in modern archeology. The Halilrood cultural basin is one of the geographical areas with three different climates of "cold mountainous and temperate", "warm" and "hot and dry", and this climatic multiplicity led to specific patterns in the location and development of permanent and temporary settlements. Prehistoric archaeological studies in this area have focused more on Bronze Age settlements; While chalcolithic settlements have received less attention. Meanwhile, the study of settlements of the chalcolithic Age plays an important role in understanding pre-historic cultures before entering the Bronze Age in the cultural basin of Halilrood. The main question is, what is the role of environmental factors on the spatial distribution of chalcolithic settlements in the northern part of the Halilrood basin? The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the research has been done based on archaeological studies and environmental factors such as altitude, direction, and gradient of the land slope, water resources, and geological features. These data were analyzed by GIS associated with 47 chalcolithic settlements. Results show that the altitude, elevation, and access to water resources have the most role in the location and formation of the settlements. Finally, it can state that there has been a good interaction between the environment and human cultures in the northern part of the cultural basin of Halilrood during the prehistoric era.

Sphinx is a Latin word with the Arabic equivalent of the Sphinx, which in ancient Greek art refers to creatures a combination of the human head and the body of a lion. Archaeological evidence on the seals it shows that the history of the role of sphinx in the Iranian plateau, especially in the art of Elam, dates back to at least the middle of the third millennium BC and as part of the religious beliefs of the ancient Elamites.They are shown on religious-mythological seals. The role of these creatures may have reflected the belief in the worship of deities in human-animal forms and as guardian beings. Although the first millennium BC and subsequent periods can be considered the peak of the prevalence of this type of motifs,but this role has existed in the previous millennia.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the origins of sphinxes and human-animal creatures in Elamite culture based on seal designs in a descriptive-analytical method and then compare them with similar designs in other regions.According to this study, the origin of the designs of sphinxes on Elamite seals to the southeastern part of Iran in areas such as Tepe Yahya and Iblis and related to the middle of the third millennium BC.Therefore, the role of sphinx and hybrid creatures on Elamite seals was not an art imported from other regions than the Iranian plateau,and it is possible that it went from ancient Elamite to art of other regions such as Mesopotamia and Syria.

After the developments of the new Bronze Age on the Iranian plateau, a new era called the Iron Age emerged. Iron Age cultures of the northeastern region of Iran are completely different from the evolutionary theories and characteristics of the Iron Age culture of northwestern Iran, as well as the evolutionary approaches of this period in other cultural parts of the Iranian plateau. The Iron Age cultures of northeastern Iran, especially Khorasan, include two completely different cultures in terms of cultural materials and biological structures, which are called Yaz and Dahestan cultures. In the present study, in addition to describing the components of the two cultural systems of Yaz and Dahistan, we first try to explain the spheres of influence and common boundaries of these two cultural systems and then, accordingto recent studies, the biological structures of the Iron Age culture in Khorasan. Finally, an attempt is made to study and interpret the components of Yaz culture in relation to the traditions of the New Bronze Age as well as the Achaemenid period. The results of the study indicate the influence of Yaz culture in East Khorasan and Dahistan culture in West Khorasan to Gorgan plain. According to recent studies and current knowledge, Bojnourd plain in Atrak basin and Jajarm plain in Kalshour basin are the common borders of these two cultures (in North Khorasan province). In East Khorasan, the components of the Iron Age culture are closely related to the Yaz culture in Central Asia, and some local components are also evident. In addition, Yaz III period coincides with the Achaemenid period, which is ignored in the Yaz time division, which according to the types of pottery, to some extent can be traced to the components of the Achaemenid period in Khorasan.

During the Iron Age (1500 - 550 BC) extensive migrations and socio-political conflicts have taken place, especially in southwest Asia. Probably the main reason for these movements was related to the 3200 BP (1200 BC) and the 2800 BP (800 BC) climatic events. This study attempts to investigate the influential climatic events during the Iron Age in southwest Asia, based on paleoclimate research of the late Holocene. The main question is what (possibly) link has there been between climate change and Iron Age socio-political change in the region? It is assumed that the escalation of arid climatic conditions has severely strained human societies. In this study, historical documents and archaeological evidence of southwest Asia belonging to the Iron Age, along with the results of paleoclimate research of the late Holocene from the region, the North Atlantic, and Greenland have been examined. According to paleoclimate studies, several climatic oscillations are identified during the Iron Age: about 1500 - 1250 BC a wet period (Iron I), about 1250 - 950 BC a very dry period (the 3200 BP event), and about 950 - 850 BC a relatively wet period (Iron II), about 850 - 750 BC a dry period (the 2800 BP event) and about 750 - 550 BC an unstable wet-dry period (Iron III). The results of this study show that periods of increasing violence and widespread human migrations during the Iron Age overlapped with times of climatic anomalies. It is also emphasized that the survival of most Iron Age societies in Iran during difficult periods of climate change has certainly been compatible with a kind of subsistence system that can probably be described as pastoral nomadism and hunting; A system adapted by the environmental potentials of many regions of Iran, which has been also continued during historical and Islamic periods.

Baluchestan as a natural gateway of the Indian subcontinent has long attracted attention. Pottery, as a characteristic of artistic and applied styles of different periods, in addition to determining the age of a settlement, can help to know the social conditions, historical developments and the quality of trade exchanges. Therefore, one of the most basic ways to understand cultural connections in different periods is to study pottery. So far, no research has been done on Parthian pottery in Khash city, so in this study, the authors try to study the relative chronology of the Parthian sites of Khash city and how the cultural interactions inside and outside of this region based on the typological results of pottery by descriptive-analytical study of potteries. In order to achieve the mentioned purposes and to understand the trend of its cultural currents in the Parthian period, the following questions were raised: ?- What is the predominant decoration of Parthian pottery in Khash city? The predominant decoration of Parthian pottery in Khash city is painting. ?- What have been the cultural interactions inside and outside the region based on the typological results of pottery? The results of typology show that Khash city during the Parthian period with cultural regions of South Baluchistan, Sistan, Kerman, Greater Khorasan, some areas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman, Afghanistan and Pakistan. As a result, by comparing the typology of pottery, a relatively clear situation of the pottery industry of Khash city in the Parthian period and cultural connections within and outside the region of this city was revealed.

Investigation of ancient pottery is considerably important in archaeological studies In addition, studying the ceramics; we can examine their different kinds of regional styles, types and techniques. Since according to Hernik’s classification the Parthian pottery has had a greater diversity and not the same styles were used during this period, investigation and study of the ceramics of this period is essential in order to better understand the local and regional styles of this period. Meanwhile, according to the surviving texts and inscriptions, South Khorasan or the ancient Qahestan has shown to be one of the important Parthian states in eastern Iran. Therefore, in this research, it has been attempted to study the pottery obtained from Mud B mound, one of the typical ancient hills of the Parthian period in South Khorasan. The purpose of the present research, which is conducted using a comparative-analytical method, The answer to the questions raised is: 1- What was the dominant pottery in this area? 2- Which regions have had the most cultural interactions?In this study, initially 85 typical pottery pieces were collected from the surface of Mud B mound during the educational excavation of Birjand University and then the ceramics gathered through this excavation were undergone a typological study according to which the following results were obtained: 1- This mound includes three pottery types, i.e. Lundo, Burnished War and non-glazed plain, among which the plain non-glazed pottery is one of the dominant pottery types of this hill. 2- Chronologically, the examined pottery exhibits a date from the Parthian to the early Sassanid period. 3- Mud B mound had the highest degree of cultural connection with neighboring regions such as Sistan, Baluchistan and the Greater Khorasan.

So far, much research has been done on the Sassanid period, which is generally related to state centers and large cities of this period, and less attention has been paid to rural or temporary settlements that have been associated with these centers, the administrative, social, economic structures and settlement patterns interpretations requires attention to all of the sites in the region. Tol-e Gap Kenareh is located about ? km from Istakhr city. During the excavations in this area, deposits with Sassanid pottery were identified. Due to the low thickness of the deposits, the lack of architectural identification, the distribution of ash seems that this area was temporary site during the Sassanid period. Current study by introducing a temporary site of the Sassanid period, firstly is focused on the classification and typology of pottery obtained from excavation. to obtain the composition and structure of potteries, differences and similarities between them, kiln temperature, petrographic experiments on ? samples of The pottery was made, which resulted in the fact that all the pottery had a porphyry texture, and due to the presence of calcite in the samples, the temperature of the kiln was probably less than ??? degrees Celsius. Also, by studying the geology of the area and comparing the samples with other samples tested from other periods of the area, it can be said that pottery is indigenous and local production. For absolute dating, two animal bone specimens were tested in a laboratory that suggested date of ??? to ??? AD for the Sasanian period deposits in this site.

The function of architectural structures attributed to the Zoroastrian religion in the Sassanid period has always been accompanied by questions. Although CharTaqies which are the most religious structures of this period seem to be very similar, but by studying the architectural details it can be seen that these structures have a considerable variety. A large number of ChaharTaqis that have been identified so far are located in the south part of Iran, Fars and Kerman regions. However, Kerman ChaharTaqis due to their location in the remote areas are less known. Our knowledge about Sasanian religious architecture is limited to the investigations done by Vanden berghe in the 1960's. In this study, Aliabad and Rahmatabad ChaharTaqis which are located in the south-west part of Kerman province, in Orzouyeh County, both in architectural and religious typology will be studied based on new findings. First of all, the type of the architecture in these buildings will be studied. After that, in comparison with other similar structures and writing resources as well, their religious quality will be evaluated by the authors. This study, it is a fundamental research, with descriptive-analytical methodology and nature, while data collected bibliographically and following fieldwork. The results of this research indicate that some Chahar Taqis such as the Chahar Taqis studied in this research could be considered as a “Dadgah” fireplace in Sassanian period. This study due to the new architecture features of these ChaharTaqis describing in this paper and offering a new usage for them would be considerable.

the glory and luxury tended to increase in the Sassanid period, and consequently, various ornaments were used that are unique both in terms of aesthetics and in terms of morphology and variety in species and details of the elements. Along with other cultural findings, jewelry can be considered as one of the most important sources for understanding the Sassanid civilization and culture, so that in many surviving works of this period such as: coins, reliefs, Gypsum busts, metalworking and stamping can be followed. The present research is based on descriptive-analytical method and based on library studies and field studies and visiting the findings of archeological excavations and objects in museums, tries to look at the ornaments left over from the Sassanid civilization. To study, typology and identity of these valuable works and in this regard pursues the following goals:1. Morphology and classification of Sassanid period jewelry2.Identity of individuals based on the type of jewelry or classification of these works based on gender
Studies show that the jewelry of this period is divided into 7 groups of earrings, necklaces, crowns, rings, bracelets, beards and brooches in terms of morphology. Some of these jewels, such as beards and crowns, were reserved for kings, thus indicating the unique position of power and glory of the Sassanid kings. Jewelry such as bracelets, bracelets, and bracelets have been used more by Sassanid women, and necklaces and earrings have been used for both men and women, in some cases, the gender of the people has been involved in their form.

The term "territory", in the Sasanian cultural-political discourse, alludes to a concept wider than the kingdom's frontiers. This concept rooted in the cultural-political traditions of the ancient Iranian governments was redefined and revived in the Sasanian period relying on myths, religion, and history. A significant part of this concept was founded on the basis which was constructed in the pre-Sasanian periods during the Achaemenid and Parthian periods. The Sasanian monarchs conquesting of the east and west of the ancient world expanded the physical borders of their territory and thus paved the way to extend their cultural territory over the world evidenced by the Sasanian material culture which having been found from all over the ancient world.  They introduced also some innovations in the myths to justify developing the territory legally and religiously. In the present paper, after investigating the concept of territory with regard to the cultural-political discourse of Achaemenids, Arsacids, and Sasanians, the role of myth and history in the definition of "ēran" is examined. Moreover, the Sasanian endeavours to expand their physical territory and then evidence of the Sasanian cultural territory is reviewed based on the historical accounts and archaeological evidence. Examination of the "territory" in different dimensions shows that the Sasanian territory set the stage for parading the Iranian culture which continued to survive over time and space. Accordingly, one can surmise that many historical events and cultural processes determining the significant Iranian events and organizations throughout history were affected by the Sasanian cultural-political characteristics even after the decline and fall of the Sasanian empire.

A survey of in the fascias of farim’s monarchic surroundingHanie hossein nia amirkolaeiDr. seyyed rasool mousavi hajiDr. hassan hashemi zarjabadMehdi abedini araghiIn ????, a speculation was carried out around the tower of Rasht (located in the village of Farim, Dudange district of Sari city) from the underground soil, which the explorer called the Shahneshin. After that, the three sections were explored in order to study and study the different parts of this space in the years ????, ???? and ????, including the works of pottery, glass, iron nails and very beautiful pieces of plaster obtained from the above mentioned area.According to the archeological section from the period of Al buya in this area and according to the probe, the dating of this building dates back to the middle of the ?th century AH. One of the most important archaeological finds of this site is that, in terms of visual beauty, the combination of motifs and the use of plant and geometric designs is one of the great examples of this art at the height of Islam, which is obviously evident in the transmission of Sassanid artistic achievements.The results of the studies indicate that the designs used in the archery gilding from the Shahneshin area are largely similar to the patterns used in the decoration of the buildings of the early Islamic Ages, and these motifs themselves are influenced by the role of the decorative motifs of the Sasanian period.Key words: monarchic surrounding, fascia, Early Islamic centuries, assortment, Typological Comparison